Linguistic Engineering
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Linguistic Engineering
When Mao and the Chinese Communist Party won power in 1949, they were determined to create new, revolutionary human beings. Their most precise instrument of ideological transformation was a massive program of linguistic engineering. They taught everyone a new political vocabulary, gave old words new meanings, converted traditional terms to revolutionary purposes, suppressed words that expressed "incorrect" thought, and required the whole population to recite slogans, stock phrases, and scripts that gave "correct" linguistic form to "correct" thought. They assumed that constant repetition would cause the revolutionary formulae to penetrate people's minds, engendering revolutionary beliefs and values. In an introductory chapter, Dr. Ji assesses the potential of linguistic engineering by examining research on the relationship between language and thought. In subsequent chapters, she traces the origins of linguistic engineering in China, describes its development during the early years of communist rule, then explores in detail the unprecedented manipulation of language during the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976. Along the way, she analyzes the forms of linguistic engineering associated with land reform, class struggle, personal relationships, the Great Leap Forward, Mao-worship, Red Guard activism, revolutionary violence, Public Criticism Meetings, the model revolutionary operas, and foreign language teaching. She also reinterprets Mao’s strategy during the early stages of the Cultural Revolution, showing how he manipulated exegetical principles and contexts of judgment to "frame" his alleged opponents. The work concludes with an assessment of the successes and failures of linguistic engineering and an account of how the Chinese Communist Party relaxed its control of language after Mao's death.
Language Engineering for Lesser-studied Languages
"Technologies enabling computers to process specific languages facilitate economic and political progress of societies where these languages are spoken. Development of methods and systems for language processing is therefore a worthy goal for national governments as well as for business entities and scientific and educational institutions in every country in the world. As work on systems and resources for the 'lower-density' languages becomes more widespread, an important question is how to leverage the results and experience accumulated by the field of computational linguistics for the major languages in the development of resources and systems for lower-density languages. This issue has been at the core of the NATO Advanced Studies Institute on language technologies for middle- and low-density languages held in Georgia in October 2007. This publication is a collection - of publication-oriented versions - of the lectures presented there and is a useful source of knowledge about many core facets of modern computational-linguistic work. By the same token, it can serve as a reference source for people interested in learning about strategies that are best suited for developing computational-linguistic capabilities for lesser-studied languages - either 'from scratch' or using components developed for other languages. The book should also be quite useful in teaching practical system- and resource-building topics in computational linguistics."--Site Web de l'éditeur.
Language Engineering
Der Band thematisiert die Technologie zur Entwicklung natürlichsprachlicher Systeme unter eine Reihe verschiedener, komplementärer Perspektiven. Neben grundlagenorientierten Aspekten der Systemarchitektur, der Semantik sowie der Rolle der natürlichen Sprache als ein Kommunikationsmittel in multi-modalen Zugangssystemen werden Fragen diskutiert. Eine Reihe von Anwendungsstudien sowie ein Ausblick auf die zukünftige Rolle einer "Sprachtechnologie" stellen den Bezug zum heute praktisch Machbaren und in Zukunft Erwartbaren her.The volume focusses on the technology for building natural language unter different complementary perspectives. Besides the foundational aspect concerning system architecture, semantics and the role of natural language in multi-modal interfaces questions of a methodology for constructing and evaluating natural language systems are discussed. A number of applicational studies together with an outlook on the expected impact of a "language technology" provides a view on today's practical state of art and on its future impact.
